Why is Charles more susceptible to lung infections?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) significantly impacts lung function and increases susceptibility to infections, particularly in the respiratory system. Individuals with COPD often have impaired airway clearance and damage to lung tissues, which can lead to increased bacterial colonization and a heightened risk of pneumonia and other lung infections. The inflammatory response seen in COPD exacerbates these vulnerabilities, making it difficult for the body to fend off respiratory pathogens effectively.

Other factors, such as having a cold, a poor diet, or low exercise levels, can contribute to an individual’s overall health and immune resilience. However, none have the direct and profound impact on lung function and infection risk as COPD does. COPD specifically hinders the lungs' ability to clear infections and maintain healthy respiratory function, making it a key factor in Charles's increased susceptibility to lung infections.